Restoration of degraded areas in the Atlantic Forest: 23 years of ecological restoration and agroforestry in the Estância São Lucas, Guaçuí – ES

Abstract

The restoration of degraded areas is crucial to reversing the environmental impacts of deforestation and agricultural expansion, which harm biodiversity and water resources. This study examined restoration processes at Estância São Lucas (Guaçuí-ES) over 23 years (2001-2024). Methods included field visits, analysis of satellite and drone imagery, and compilation of historical and technical data to assess environmental features, agroecological practices, and changes in vegetation cover. Restoration practices included direct seedling planting, agroforestry systems, seed broadcasting (“muvuca de sementes”), environmental enrichment, and natural regeneration, covering 16.4 hectares out of the property’s total 36.8 hectares. Geospatial analysis showed a marked increase in vegetation density and the establishment of a stable ecosystem from 2018 onward. The coffee-banana-native tree agroforestry consortium enabled integration of agricultural production with ecological restoration. Positive outcomes were noted in the water regime (greater water volume and groundwater recharge) and biodiversity, with the return of native fauna (guan, armadillos, otters, toucans) and the reintroduction of 858 animals between 2018 and 2024. Remaining challenges include seedling scarcity, control of invasive exotic species (Brachiaria grass), and fence maintenance. Community involvement and support from institutions such as the Reflorestar program and SOS Mata Atlântica were critical. Integrated restoration practices, ongoing monitoring, and community engagement can recover degraded lands and serve as models for sustainable initiatives.