Tropical Medicine and Environment in Perspective
Reconstituting the Puzzle of the Eradication of Sleeping Sickness on Principe Island, in 1914
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2018v7i2.p64-82Keywords:
Tropical Medicine, Environment, Sleeping Sickness, AnthropoceneAbstract
This article aims at reflecting on the relationship between tropical medicine and the environment, when analyzed in the light of the impact of Portuguese public health policies, in the context of the European imperialism of the 20th century, using as a case study the process that led to the eradication of sleeping sickness, in the Príncipe Island, 1914. Using the theoretical framework of the history of tropical medicine, we will reflect on the effects of a sanitary mandate of the lato sensu environment, which characterized the path of the Portuguese medical community, in the eradication of the disease: the political, biological and human environment. In this way we intend not only to contribute to a broader discussion on epidemiology and the environment, in the early 20th century in Africa, but also, and responding to the questions of our time, leave open a set of questions about human well-being, habitats of glossines and trypanosomes. In short ... on the meaning of diseases ecology, in global development and Anthropocene agenda.
References
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Amaral I 2012. Bactéria ou parasita? A controvérsia sobre a etiologia da doença do sono e a participação portuguesa, 1898-1904. História, Ciências, Saúde – Manguinhos, 19(4):1275-1300.
Amaral I 2013. As Missões Científicas nas Colónias e a Escola de Medicina Tropical (1902-1935), Boletim da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, Série 130, 1-12: 53-60.
Amaral I 2015. A doença do sono/tripanossomíase – o elemento catalisador do progresso da medicine tropical portuguesa (1901-1966). In A Mota, MG Marinho (org), As enfermidades e suas metáforas: epidemias, vacinação e produção de conhecimento, Coleção Medicina, Saúde & História, Vol. VII, p.13-30.
Arnold D (ed.) 1996. Warm Climates and Western Medicine: Emergence of Tropical Medicine. 2.ed, Clio Medica 35, 252 pp.
Arnold D 1986. Cholera and Colonialism in British India, Past and Present, 113:119-51.
Arnold D 1988. Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies. Manchester University Press, Manchester, 231 pp.
Arnold D 1997. The place of “the tropics” in Western medical ideas since 1750. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 2(4):303-313.
Ashburn PM 2010. The Ranks of Death: A Medical History of the Conquest of America, Severus Verlag, New York, 308 pp.
Azevedo JF, Tendeiro J 1961. O reaparecimento da Glossina Palpalis Palpalis na Ilha do Príncipe, Junta de Investigações Científicas de Ultramar, Estudos, ensaios e documentos n. 89, Lisboa, 215 pp.
Bettencourt A, Kopke A, Rezende J, Correia Mendes A 1901. Doença do Somno. Relatórios enviados ao ministerio da marinha pela missão scientífica nomeada por portaria de 21 de Fevereiro de 1901, Imprensa de Libanio da Silva, Lisboa, 40 pp.
Bettencourt A, Kopke A, Rezende Júnior J, Correia Mendes A 1902. Doença do Somno – Trabalhos executados até 6 de agosto de 1902 pela missão enviada a Angola pele Exmo Ministro da Marinha. Revista Portuguesa de Medicina e Cirurgia Pratica, 5(116):133.
Boletim sanitário 1916. Hospital Militar e Civil do Príncipe. 35º Apenso ao Boletim Oficial da Provincia de S. Thomé e Príncipe, referido ao mês de Junho de 1916, p.1- 2.
Brumpt E 1904. La maladie designée sous le nom d’aino para les Somalis de l’Ogande est un trypanosome probablement identique au nagana de l’Afrique orientale. Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie de Paris, 65:673.
Bruto da Costa B 1913a. Trabalhos sobre a doença do somno: saneamento, estatistica, serviços hospitalares e brigada official, na ilha do Principe, A Editora Limitada, Lisboa, 78pp.
Bruto da Costa B 1913b. Relatorio – Trabalhos sobre a doença do somno na Ilha do Principe, A Editora Limitada, Lisboa, 78 pp.
Bruto da Costa B 1939. Vinte e três anos ao serviço do país no combate às doenças em África, Livraria Portugália, Lisboa, 125 pp.
Bruto da Costa B, Sant’Anna JF, Santos C, Araújo AM 1915. Relatório final da missão da doença do sono na ilha do Príncipe. Archivos de Hygiene e Pathologia Exotica, 5:1-258.
Buisson Y 2007. The Pharo School: a century of teaching in tropical medicine, Bull Acad Natl Med. 191(4-5):775-777.
Buret FM 1940. Biological Aspects of Infectious Disease, New York, 342 pp.
Cadbury W, Morel ED 1912. The West African Slave Traffic: Britain"s duty towards Angola and San Thomé, Nineteenth Century and After, 428: 836-840.
Carvalho JMP 1928. A ilha do Príncipe: descritivo histórico, Porto, 1928, 88pp.
Castellani A 1903. Researches on the Etiology of Sleeping Sickness. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 6:167-171.
Castro R 2013. A Escola de Medicina Tropical de Lisboa e a afirmação do Estado português nas colónias africanas (1902-1935). PhD Thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, 145 pp.
Cesar A 1969. O 1º Barão d’Agua Izé João Maria de Sousa e Almeida (1816-1869), Agência Geral do Ultramar, Lisboa, 128 pp.
Clarence-Smith WG 1985. The Third Portuguese Empire 1825-1975: a study in economic imperialism, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 246 pp.
Clarence-Smith WG 1993. Labour Conditions in the Plantations of São Tomé and Príncipe, 1875–1914. Slavery & Abolition 14(1):149-167.
Clarence-Smith WG 2000. Cocoa and chocolate, 1765-1914, Routledge, London, 319 pp.
Cohen W 1983. Malaria and French Imperialism, Journal of African History, 24: 23-36.
Correia Mendes A, Silva Monteiro A, Damas Mora A, Bruto da Costa B 1909. Relatorio Preliminar da Missão de Estudo da Doença do Somno na Ilha do Principe, Archivos de Hygiene e Pathologia Exoticas, 2(1):3-45.
Costa L 2013. Conhecer para Ocupar. Ocupar para Dominar. Ocupação Científica do Ultramar e Estado Novo, História, IV Série, 3: 41-58.
Crosby AW 2004. Ecological imperialism: the biological expansion of Europe, 900-1900, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 368 pp.
Crutzen P 2014. In C Schwägerl. The anthropocene: the human era and how it shapes our planet, Synergetic Press, Bluebird Court, Santa Fe, 248 pp.
Curtin PD 1989. Death by migration: Europe’s encounter with the tropical world in the nineteenth century, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 251 pp.
Farley J 1991. Bilharzia: A History of Imperial Tropical Medicine, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 359 pp.
Fleischer B 2000. The Bernhard Nocht Institute: 100 Years of Tropical Medicine in Hamburg, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 95(1):17-23. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762000000700003.
Fonseca O 1971. A obra de Portugal no combate à doença do sono. O Médico, 58:1-38.
Ford J 1971. The role of the trypanosomiases in African ecology: a study of the tsetse fly problem, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 576 pp.
Haynes DM 2001. Imperial Medicine: Patrick Manson and the Conquest of Tropical Disease, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 229 pp.
Higgs C 2012. Chocolate Islands: Cocoa, Slavery and Colonial Africa, Ohio University Press, Ohio, 230 pp.
Johnson R 2014. Tropical Medicine and Imperial Power: Science, Hygiene and Health in the Late British Empire (International Library of Colonial History), I.B.Tauris, 320pp.
Jornal da Sociedade das Sciências Médicas de Lisboa 1900. Doença do Somno, Representação dirigida ao governo pela Sociedade das Sciencias Medicas. Jornal da Sociedade das Sciências Médicas de Lisboa, LXIV, 7-12:268-269.
Kopke A 1936. Política Sanitária do Império, Agencia Geral das Colónias, Lisboa, 36 pp.
Lyons M 1992. The Colonial Disease: A Social History of Sleeping Sickness in Northern Zaire, 1900-1940, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 335pp.
MacLeod R, Lewis M (eds) 1989. Disease, Medicine, and Empire: Perspectives on Western Medicine and the Experience of European Experience, Routledge, London, 448pp.
Maldonado AB 1901. Doença do somno. A Medicina Contemporânea, série II (4):96-97; 103-104.
Mandinga L 2010. A Problemática Ambiental. Políticas e Medidas para a Conservação dos Ecossistemas. Master thesis, FCSH/UNL, Lisboa, 104pp.
Manson P 1898. Tropical diseases: a manual of the Diseases of Warm Climates, Cassel, London, 652 pp.
Mertens M, Lacenal G 2012. The History of “Belgian” Tropical Medicine from a Cross-Border Perspective, Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire, 90(4):1249-1271
Nieto-Galan A 2011. Antonio Gramsci Revisited: Historians of Science, Intellectuals, and the Struggle for Hegemony. History of Science 49:453-478.
Pequeno I 2016. Contributos do direito para a protecção do ambiente em São Tomé e Principe. Master Thesis, Universidade Lusíada, Lisboa, 135pp.
Potter VR 1995. Global Bioethics: Converting Sustainable Development to Global Survival. Medicine & Global Survival 2(3):185-191.
Power H 1999. Tropical medicine in the twentieth century – a history of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Kegan Paul International, London, 284 pp.
Rodrigues FMC 1974. S. Tomé e Príncipe: sob o ponto de vista agrícola, Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar, Lisboa, 174pp.
Rosenberg C 1992. Explaining Epidemics. In C Rosenberg. Explaining Epidemics, and Other Studies in the History of Medicine, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 293-304.
Schwägerl C 2014. The anthropocene: the human era and how it shapes our planet, Synergetic Press, Bluebird Court, 248pp.
Shapiro M 1983. Medicine in the Service of Colonialism: Medical care in Portuguese Africa, 1885-1974. PhD thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 440 pp.
Silva BS 2013. The Land of Flies, Children and Devils: The Sleeping Sickness epidemic in the Island of Príncipe (1870s-1914). PhD Thesis, University of Oxford, Oxford, 319 pp.
Tilley H 2011. Africa as a Living Laboratory: Empire, Development, and the Problem of Scientific Knowledge, 1870-1950, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 520 pp.
Warwick A 2004. Natural Histories of Infectious Disease: Ecological Vision in Twentieth-Century Biomedical Science, Osiris, 19: 39-61.
Wilkinson L, Hardy A 2001. Prevention and Cure: The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine : a 20th Century Quest for Global Public Health. Kegan Paul International, London, 438 pp.
Worboys M 2001. The Colonial World as Mission and Mandate: Leprosy and Empire, 1900-1940, Osiris, 15: 207-18.
Wyllie JA 1916. Sleeping Sickness – a record of four years’ war against it in Principe, Portuguese West Africa, Baillière, Tindall and Cox, London, 258 pp.
Zuzarte A 1971. Descobrimento e cartografia das ilhas de S. Tomé e Príncipe, Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, Coimbra, 18pp.
Zywert K 2016. Human health and social-ecological systems change: Rethinking health in the Anthropocene. Proceedings of RSD5 Symposium, Toronto 2016: 1-10. Available from https://doi.org/10.1177/2053019617739640.
Amaral I 2012. Bactéria ou parasita? A controvérsia sobre a etiologia da doença do sono e a participação portuguesa, 1898-1904. História, Ciências, Saúde – Manguinhos, 19(4):1275-1300.
Amaral I 2013. As Missões Científicas nas Colónias e a Escola de Medicina Tropical (1902-1935), Boletim da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, Série 130, 1-12: 53-60.
Amaral I 2015. A doença do sono/tripanossomíase – o elemento catalisador do progresso da medicine tropical portuguesa (1901-1966). In A Mota, MG Marinho (org), As enfermidades e suas metáforas: epidemias, vacinação e produção de conhecimento, Coleção Medicina, Saúde & História, Vol. VII, p.13-30.
Arnold D (ed.) 1996. Warm Climates and Western Medicine: Emergence of Tropical Medicine. 2.ed, Clio Medica 35, 252 pp.
Arnold D 1986. Cholera and Colonialism in British India, Past and Present, 113:119-51.
Arnold D 1988. Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies. Manchester University Press, Manchester, 231 pp.
Arnold D 1997. The place of “the tropics” in Western medical ideas since 1750. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 2(4):303-313.
Ashburn PM 2010. The Ranks of Death: A Medical History of the Conquest of America, Severus Verlag, New York, 308 pp.
Azevedo JF, Tendeiro J 1961. O reaparecimento da Glossina Palpalis Palpalis na Ilha do Príncipe, Junta de Investigações Científicas de Ultramar, Estudos, ensaios e documentos n. 89, Lisboa, 215 pp.
Bettencourt A, Kopke A, Rezende J, Correia Mendes A 1901. Doença do Somno. Relatórios enviados ao ministerio da marinha pela missão scientífica nomeada por portaria de 21 de Fevereiro de 1901, Imprensa de Libanio da Silva, Lisboa, 40 pp.
Bettencourt A, Kopke A, Rezende Júnior J, Correia Mendes A 1902. Doença do Somno – Trabalhos executados até 6 de agosto de 1902 pela missão enviada a Angola pele Exmo Ministro da Marinha. Revista Portuguesa de Medicina e Cirurgia Pratica, 5(116):133.
Boletim sanitário 1916. Hospital Militar e Civil do Príncipe. 35º Apenso ao Boletim Oficial da Provincia de S. Thomé e Príncipe, referido ao mês de Junho de 1916, p.1- 2.
Brumpt E 1904. La maladie designée sous le nom d’aino para les Somalis de l’Ogande est un trypanosome probablement identique au nagana de l’Afrique orientale. Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie de Paris, 65:673.
Bruto da Costa B 1913a. Trabalhos sobre a doença do somno: saneamento, estatistica, serviços hospitalares e brigada official, na ilha do Principe, A Editora Limitada, Lisboa, 78pp.
Bruto da Costa B 1913b. Relatorio – Trabalhos sobre a doença do somno na Ilha do Principe, A Editora Limitada, Lisboa, 78 pp.
Bruto da Costa B 1939. Vinte e três anos ao serviço do país no combate às doenças em África, Livraria Portugália, Lisboa, 125 pp.
Bruto da Costa B, Sant’Anna JF, Santos C, Araújo AM 1915. Relatório final da missão da doença do sono na ilha do Príncipe. Archivos de Hygiene e Pathologia Exotica, 5:1-258.
Buisson Y 2007. The Pharo School: a century of teaching in tropical medicine, Bull Acad Natl Med. 191(4-5):775-777.
Buret FM 1940. Biological Aspects of Infectious Disease, New York, 342 pp.
Cadbury W, Morel ED 1912. The West African Slave Traffic: Britain"s duty towards Angola and San Thomé, Nineteenth Century and After, 428: 836-840.
Carvalho JMP 1928. A ilha do Príncipe: descritivo histórico, Porto, 1928, 88pp.
Castellani A 1903. Researches on the Etiology of Sleeping Sickness. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 6:167-171.
Castro R 2013. A Escola de Medicina Tropical de Lisboa e a afirmação do Estado português nas colónias africanas (1902-1935). PhD Thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, 145 pp.
Cesar A 1969. O 1º Barão d’Agua Izé João Maria de Sousa e Almeida (1816-1869), Agência Geral do Ultramar, Lisboa, 128 pp.
Clarence-Smith WG 1985. The Third Portuguese Empire 1825-1975: a study in economic imperialism, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 246 pp.
Clarence-Smith WG 1993. Labour Conditions in the Plantations of São Tomé and Príncipe, 1875–1914. Slavery & Abolition 14(1):149-167.
Clarence-Smith WG 2000. Cocoa and chocolate, 1765-1914, Routledge, London, 319 pp.
Cohen W 1983. Malaria and French Imperialism, Journal of African History, 24: 23-36.
Correia Mendes A, Silva Monteiro A, Damas Mora A, Bruto da Costa B 1909. Relatorio Preliminar da Missão de Estudo da Doença do Somno na Ilha do Principe, Archivos de Hygiene e Pathologia Exoticas, 2(1):3-45.
Costa L 2013. Conhecer para Ocupar. Ocupar para Dominar. Ocupação Científica do Ultramar e Estado Novo, História, IV Série, 3: 41-58.
Crosby AW 2004. Ecological imperialism: the biological expansion of Europe, 900-1900, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 368 pp.
Crutzen P 2014. In C Schwägerl. The anthropocene: the human era and how it shapes our planet, Synergetic Press, Bluebird Court, Santa Fe, 248 pp.
Curtin PD 1989. Death by migration: Europe’s encounter with the tropical world in the nineteenth century, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 251 pp.
Farley J 1991. Bilharzia: A History of Imperial Tropical Medicine, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 359 pp.
Fleischer B 2000. The Bernhard Nocht Institute: 100 Years of Tropical Medicine in Hamburg, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 95(1):17-23. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762000000700003.
Fonseca O 1971. A obra de Portugal no combate à doença do sono. O Médico, 58:1-38.
Ford J 1971. The role of the trypanosomiases in African ecology: a study of the tsetse fly problem, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 576 pp.
Haynes DM 2001. Imperial Medicine: Patrick Manson and the Conquest of Tropical Disease, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 229 pp.
Higgs C 2012. Chocolate Islands: Cocoa, Slavery and Colonial Africa, Ohio University Press, Ohio, 230 pp.
Johnson R 2014. Tropical Medicine and Imperial Power: Science, Hygiene and Health in the Late British Empire (International Library of Colonial History), I.B.Tauris, 320pp.
Jornal da Sociedade das Sciências Médicas de Lisboa 1900. Doença do Somno, Representação dirigida ao governo pela Sociedade das Sciencias Medicas. Jornal da Sociedade das Sciências Médicas de Lisboa, LXIV, 7-12:268-269.
Kopke A 1936. Política Sanitária do Império, Agencia Geral das Colónias, Lisboa, 36 pp.
Lyons M 1992. The Colonial Disease: A Social History of Sleeping Sickness in Northern Zaire, 1900-1940, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 335pp.
MacLeod R, Lewis M (eds) 1989. Disease, Medicine, and Empire: Perspectives on Western Medicine and the Experience of European Experience, Routledge, London, 448pp.
Maldonado AB 1901. Doença do somno. A Medicina Contemporânea, série II (4):96-97; 103-104.
Mandinga L 2010. A Problemática Ambiental. Políticas e Medidas para a Conservação dos Ecossistemas. Master thesis, FCSH/UNL, Lisboa, 104pp.
Manson P 1898. Tropical diseases: a manual of the Diseases of Warm Climates, Cassel, London, 652 pp.
Mertens M, Lacenal G 2012. The History of “Belgian” Tropical Medicine from a Cross-Border Perspective, Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire, 90(4):1249-1271
Nieto-Galan A 2011. Antonio Gramsci Revisited: Historians of Science, Intellectuals, and the Struggle for Hegemony. History of Science 49:453-478.
Pequeno I 2016. Contributos do direito para a protecção do ambiente em São Tomé e Principe. Master Thesis, Universidade Lusíada, Lisboa, 135pp.
Potter VR 1995. Global Bioethics: Converting Sustainable Development to Global Survival. Medicine & Global Survival 2(3):185-191.
Power H 1999. Tropical medicine in the twentieth century – a history of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Kegan Paul International, London, 284 pp.
Rodrigues FMC 1974. S. Tomé e Príncipe: sob o ponto de vista agrícola, Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar, Lisboa, 174pp.
Rosenberg C 1992. Explaining Epidemics. In C Rosenberg. Explaining Epidemics, and Other Studies in the History of Medicine, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 293-304.
Schwägerl C 2014. The anthropocene: the human era and how it shapes our planet, Synergetic Press, Bluebird Court, 248pp.
Shapiro M 1983. Medicine in the Service of Colonialism: Medical care in Portuguese Africa, 1885-1974. PhD thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 440 pp.
Silva BS 2013. The Land of Flies, Children and Devils: The Sleeping Sickness epidemic in the Island of Príncipe (1870s-1914). PhD Thesis, University of Oxford, Oxford, 319 pp.
Tilley H 2011. Africa as a Living Laboratory: Empire, Development, and the Problem of Scientific Knowledge, 1870-1950, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 520 pp.
Warwick A 2004. Natural Histories of Infectious Disease: Ecological Vision in Twentieth-Century Biomedical Science, Osiris, 19: 39-61.
Wilkinson L, Hardy A 2001. Prevention and Cure: The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine : a 20th Century Quest for Global Public Health. Kegan Paul International, London, 438 pp.
Worboys M 2001. The Colonial World as Mission and Mandate: Leprosy and Empire, 1900-1940, Osiris, 15: 207-18.
Wyllie JA 1916. Sleeping Sickness – a record of four years’ war against it in Principe, Portuguese West Africa, Baillière, Tindall and Cox, London, 258 pp.
Zuzarte A 1971. Descobrimento e cartografia das ilhas de S. Tomé e Príncipe, Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, Coimbra, 18pp.
Zywert K 2016. Human health and social-ecological systems change: Rethinking health in the Anthropocene. Proceedings of RSD5 Symposium, Toronto 2016: 1-10. Available from https://doi.org/10.1177/2053019617739640.
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Published
2018-08-30
How to Cite
AMARAL, Isabel. Tropical Medicine and Environment in Perspective: Reconstituting the Puzzle of the Eradication of Sleeping Sickness on Principe Island, in 1914. Fronteiras - Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science, [S. l.], v. 7, n. 2, p. 64–82, 2018. DOI: 10.21664/2238-8869.2018v7i2.p64-82. Disponível em: https://revistas.unievangelica.edu.br/index.php/fronteiras/article/view/2960. Acesso em: 22 dec. 2024.
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Dossier - Environment, health and human welfare
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