Sustainable Development and Yield, Morphological, Biochemical and Ecotoxicological Characterization of Banana Peel Biofertilizer
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2025v14i1.p327-346Palavras-chave:
musa, fertilizers, sustainable development, biochemistry, ecotoxicologyResumo
Organic fertilizers derived from solid food waste, such as banana peels, represent a promising circular model for mitigating waste and enhancing biotechnological innovation. This study aimed at the sustainable development of a biofertilizer from discarded Musa sapientum peels. Fresh samples were obtained through selective collection in a university restaurant in the interior of Ceará and carried out quantitative indicators. Pilot study with four collections tested different time-temperature processing for dehydration and flour prototyping. Based on the best morphological aspects of pilots 3 and 4, the operational protocol was chosen for the second phase, with eleven collections subjected to a continuous cycle of automated dehydration at 70oC for 12h, grinding and sieving. The yields of each cycle were analyzed, considering the weight of wet and dry matter. Biochemical analysis detected the presence of the macronutrient nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and pH in aqueous solution in quintuplicates. Ecotoxicological analysis was conducted in an Artemia salina model for 24h of direct contact with three batches of fertilizer in different concentrations and in quadruplicate. Banana peel was an economical option, and the chosen protocol provided a homogeneous product with medium grain size. Despite the substantial reduction in sample volume, there was a predictable yield of an average of 10.3%, suggesting potential for scalability. The concentration of macronutrients remained within the expected range for a fertilizer for acidic soils, with low nitrogen and high phosphorus and potassium content, which explains the alkalizing effect on pH. There was no toxicity at the low concentrations tested up to 10,000µg/mL, maintaining a lethal concentration below 50%. Banana peel flour showed favorable structural properties for use as biofertilizer. Future studies will be able to elucidate its effectiveness in green areas on the campus and the impact on environmental compliance of the endogenous demand for waste at the university.
Referências
Acevedo SA, Carrillo ÁJD, Flórez-López E, Grande-Tovar CD 2021. Recovery of Banana Waste-Loss from Production and Processing: A Contribution to a Circular Economy. Molecules 26(17):5282. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175282.
Adrija S, Navni R 2018. Efficacy of Banana (Musa paradisiaca) and Sweet Lime (Citrus limetta) peels as natural fertilizer in Herbs. Int J Agric Sci 10(8):5822-5825. https://bioinfopublication.org/pages/article.php?id=BIA0004121.
Ansari NAIM, Ramly NZ, Huda-Faujan N, Arifin N 2023. Nutritional Content and Bioactive Compounds of Banana Peel and Its Potential Utilization: A Review. Malaysian J Sci H Tech 9(1):74-86. https://doi.org/10.33102/mjosht.v9i1.313
Ayoub N, Kaouthar EB, Soumaya R, Chaimaa M, Nadia I, Souad EA 2023. Evaluation of the Effects of Three Chemical Fertilizers on Artemia salina. J Ecol Engin 24(5):103-109. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/161445.
Balafoutis AT, Evert FKV, Fountas S 2020. Smart Farming Technology Trends: Economic and Environmental Effects, Labor Impact, and Adoption Readiness. Agronomy 10(5):743. doi:10.3390/agronomy10050743.
Barnossi AE, Moussaid F, Housseini AI 2021. Tangerine, banana and pomegranate peels valorisation for sustainable environment: A review. Biotechnol Rep (Amst) 29(2021):e00574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00574.
Bathmanathan V, Rajadurai J, Alahakone R 2023. What a waste? An experience in a secondary school in Malaysia of a food waste management system (FWMS). Heliyon 9(2023):e20327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20327.
Bhavani M, Morya S, Saxena D, Awuchi CG 2023. Bioactive, antioxidant, industrial, and nutraceutical applications of banana peel. Int J Food Prop 26(1):1277-1289. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2023.2209701.
Borges IR, Bonato SV, Ribeiro LM 2020. Alternativas para redução da geração de resíduos: estudo de caso em um restaurante corporativo. Prociências 3(2):1-20. https://doi.org/10.15210/RP.V3I2.20386.
Brasil. Lei n°. 11.794, de 8 de outubro de 2008. Brasília: Casa Civil da Presidência da República, 2008. https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2007-2010/2008/lei/l11794.htm.
Brasil. Lei n°. 13.123, de 20 de maio de 2015. Brasília: Secretaria Geral da Presidência da República, 2015. https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2015/lei/l13123.htm.
Brasil. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Secretaria de Qualidade Ambiental. Plano Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos - Planares [monograph on the Internet]. Brasília: MMA; 2022. 209 p. [cited in 2024 Dez 27]. https://portal-api.sinir.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Planares-B.pdf.
Brasil. Lei n°. 14.874, de 28 de maio de 2024. Brasília: Casa Civil da Presidência da República, 2024. https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2023-2026/2024/lei/l14874.htm.
Candida APV, Tannús SP, Espinosa JWM 2021. Gestión de los residuos sólidos orgánicos en un restaurante universitário. Rev Compet Sustent 8(1):17-33. https://doi.org/10.48075/comsus.v8i1.25380.
Carneiro CL 2013. Plano de gerenciamento integrado de resíduos sólidos em um restaurante institucional: uma ferramenta operacional, visando melhorias na gestão ambiental. Holos Environ, 13(2):130-140. https://doi.org/10.14295/holos.v13i2.5660.
Chakraborty N, Mandal B, Das AK, Manna RK 2018. Phyto-chemical, antibacterial and brine shrimp toxicity studies of green banana leaves. Environ Ecol 36(3):767-776. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/20183268080.
Chowdhury KAA, Hosen SMZ, Islam MN, Huq I, Adnan M, Chy MNU, Kabir MI, Auniq RBJ, Uddin MR, Shoibe M, Chowdhury MAG 2016. Cytotoxic and thrombolytic activity of roots of Musa paradisiaca (Linn). The Pharma Innov J 5(8): 97-100. https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/2016/vol5issue8/PartB/5-7-3-680.pdf.
Dayarathna SGARM, Karunarathna B 2021. Effect of Different Fruit Peel Powders as Natural Fertilizers on Growth of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). J Agric Sci - Sri Lanka 16(1):67-79. https://doi.org/10.4038/jas.v16i1.9184.
Deliberador LR, Batalha MO, Chung M, Cesar AS 2021. Food waste: evidence from a university dining hall in Brazil. Rev adm empres 61(5):1-17. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020210507x.
Domingues CFS, Thomaz DPC, Simões DM, Weber ML 2016. Geração de resíduos sólidos orgânicos em restaurante universitário em São Paulo/SP. Rev Meio Amb Sust 10(5):58-73. https://doi.org/10.22292/mas.v10i5.490.
El-Awadi ME, Sadak MS, Dawood MG 2021. Comparative effect of potassium and banana peel in alleviating the deleterious effect of water deficit on soybean plants. J Mater Environ Sci 12(7):929-943. https://jmaterenvironsci.com/Document/vol12/vol12_N7/JMES-2021-12075-El-Awadi.pdf.
El-Serafi RS, El-Sheshtawy ANA, Dahab AA 2023. Fruit Peel Soil Supplementation Induces Physiological and Biochemical Tolerance in Schefflera arboricola L. Grown Under Heat Conditions. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 23(2023):1046-1059. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-022-01102-5.
Fernandez BPM 2011. Ecodesenvolvimento, desenvolvimento sustentável e economia ecológica: em que sentido representam alternativas ao paradigma de desenvolvimento tradicional? Desenv meio amb 23(2011):109-120. https://doi.org/10.5380/dma.v23i0.19246.
Fernando WKMB, Seran TH 2023. Effect of compost with banana peel and moringa leaf powders on seed yield and yield components of green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). J Agric Sci (Belgrade) 68(2):171-186. https://doi.org/10.2298/JAS2302171F.
Ferreira CM, Alves AG, Portela FAC, Freire LL, Moreira-Junior FA 2023. Avaliação gravimétrica de resíduos sólidos orgânicos como ferramenta para tomada de decisões: estudo de caso em um restaurante acadêmico de uma instituição pública federal. Rev Bras Meio Amb 11(3):33-46. https://revistabrasileirademeioambiente.com/index.php/RVBMA/article/view/1480/399.
Ferreira MC, Costa SML, Pasin LAA 2015. Uso de resíduos da agroindústria de bananas na composição de substratos para produção de mudas de pau pereira. Nativa 3(2):120-124. https://doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v3i2.1839.
Forner J, Conto SM 2020. Geração de resíduos sólidos de um restaurante em uma instituição de ensino superior. R gest sust ambient 9(1):255-272. https://doi.org/10.19177/rgsa.v9e12020255-272.
González JAB, Chavez EJG, Iglesias-Osores S, Espinoza MEV 2020. Efecto inhibitorio in vitro del extracto líquido de Musa acuminata frente a Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina y evaluación de la toxicidad en Artemia salina. Med Natur 14(1):95-100. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/7248983.pdf.
Hamidi MR, Jovanova B, Panovska TK 2014. Toxicological evaluation of the plant products using Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina L.) model. Maced pharm bull 60(1):9-18. https://bulletin.mfd.org.mk/volumes/Volume%2060/60_002.pdf.
Howeidi MAR, Manea AI, Slomy AK 2023. Effect of Bio-Fertilizer and Banana Peel Extract on the Vegetative Traits and Yield of Carrot Plants. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 1158 (2023):042035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1158/4/042035.
Kartikaningsih H, Yahya I, Wati LA, Supriyadi S, Putri RAC, Kurniaty R 2021. Proofing banana blossom (Musa acuminata) water-soluble extract as histamine forming antibacteria. E3S Web Conf 322(2021):04002. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132204002.
Logarto-Parra A, Silva-Yhebra R, Guerra-Sardiñas I, Iglesias-Buela L 2001. Comparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD50 value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts. Phytomedicine 8(5):395-400. https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00044.
Martin-Rios C, Meier CD, Pasamar S 2022. Sustainable waste management solutions for the foodservice industry: A Delphi study. Waste Manag Res, 40(9):1412-1423. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X221079306.
Menezes ROS, Anjos RO 2017. Otimização do manejo de resíduos em restaurante universitário de Salvador, BA. Hig Alim 31(270/271):36-39. https://docs.bvsalud.org/biblioref/2017/08/848779/270-271-jul-ago-2017-36-39.pdf.
Mercy S, Mubsira-Banu S, Jenifer I 2014. Application Of Different Fruit Peels Formulations As A Natural Fertilizer For Plant Growth. Int J Sci Tech Res 3(1):300-307. http://www.ijstr.org/final-print/jan2014/Application-Of-Different-Fruit-Peels-Formulations-As-A-Natural-Fertilizer-For-Plant-Growth.pdf.
Meyer BN, Ferrigni NR, Putnam JE, Jacobsen LB, Nichols DE, McLaughlin JL 1982. Brine shrimp: a convenient general bioassay for active plant constituents. Planta Med 45(5):31-34. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971236.
Mishra S, Kesharwani S, Chivate M, Chauhan AK, Mishra V 2023. Development of Novel Biofertilizer by Combining the Banana Waste and Cyanobacteria in Sustainable Agriculture. Int J Food Ferment Technol 13(1):69-86. https://doi.org/10.30954/2277-9396.01.2023.7.
Mustapha M, Alasa JJ, Bashir AU, Mohammed B 2021. Study on the use of banana and pineapple peel waste as biofertilizers: enhancing soil fertility, promoting sustainable agriculture and environmental sanitation. Arid Zone J Engin Technol Environ 17(4):569-574. https://www.azojete.com.ng/index.php/azojete/article/view/537/321.
Nascimento EM, Souza FFP, Julião MSS, Santos RP, Melo MM, Castro-Silva II 2025. Development of biofertilisers from calcined bones: production, and physicochemical and ecotoxicological analysis. Rev Ciênc Agron 56(2025):e202493079. https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20250046.
Neris TS, Silva SS, Loss RA, Carvalho JWP, Guedes SF 2018. Avaliação físico-química da casca de banana (Musa spp.) in natura e desidratada em diferentes estádios de maturação. Ciênc Sustent 4(1):5-21. https://doi.org/10.33809/2447-4606.4120185-21.
Nordin NA, Najwa NA, Fatihah N, Syazwani N 2022. Development of Organic Fertilizer from Banana Peel, Egg Shell and Yeast for The Effective Growth of Chili Plant. Multidisc Appl Res Innov 3(2):302-311. https://penerbit.uthm.edu.my/periodicals/index.php/mari/article/view/7115/2474.
Okolie JA, Henry OE, Epelle EI 2016. Determination of the Antioxidant Potentials of Two Different Varieties of Banana Peels in Two Different Solvents. Food Nutr Sci 7(13):1253-1261. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2016.713115.
Organização das Nações Unidas [homepage on the Internet]. Nova Iorque: Cúpula das Nações Unidas sobre o Desenvolvimento Sustentável [updated 2015 Sep 27; cited 2024 Dez 27]. Os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável no Brasil. https://brasil.un.org/pt-br/sdgs.
Parashar A, Coleman R 2024. Which fruit peel helps retain the most soil moisture? J Emerg Inv 7:1-4. https://doi.org/10.59720/22-261.
Pessoa TRB 2009. Avaliação do processo de obtenção de farinha de casca de banana (Musa sapientum) das variedades Prata, Pacovan e Maçã. [monograph on the Internet]. João Pessoa: UFPB; 2009. 121 p. [cited 2024 Dez 27]. https://repositorio.ufpb.br/jspui/bitstream/tede/4061/1/arquivototal.pdf.
Raj RSDP, Preethy HA, Rex KGR 2021. Development of Banana Peel Powder as Organic Carrier based Bioformulation and Determination of its Plant Growth Promoting Efficacy in Rice Cr100g. J Pure Appl Microbiol 15(3):1279-1290. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.15.3.18.
Redondo-Gómez C, Quesada MR, Astúa SV, Zamora JPM, Lopretti M, Vega-Baudrit JR 2020. Biorefinery of Biomass of Agro-Industrial Banana Waste to Obtain High-Value Biopolymers. Molecules 25(17):3829. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173829.
Rodrigues CM, Scheffer PA, Tocchetto MRL, Colomé JS, Saccol ALF 2019. Gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos em um restaurante universitário. Disciplin Scient Ciênc Saúde 20(2):561-579. https://doi.org/10.37777/2933.
San PP, Aung MY 2021. Study on Use of Plant Based Material as a Fertilizer. Int J Environ Rural Dev 12(1):142-148. https://doi.org/10.32115/ijerd.12.1_142.
Saniya K, Sushmita N, Jidnyasa R, Darshan G 2023. Effect Of Fruit Peel As Biostimulant And Biofertilizer On Germination And Early Growth Of Brassica nigra L. Int J Res Anal Rev 10(1):1-30. http://www.ijrar.org/papers/IJRARTH00055.
Silva DR, Rosas LV, Lima RA 2021a. Resíduos gerados no restaurante universitário em uma universidade pública no Alto Solimões, Amazonas, Brasil. Rev EDUCAmazônia Educ Soc Meio Ambiente 13(1):215-238. https://periodicos.ufam.edu.br/index.php/educamazonia/article/view/8415/5994.
Silva EM, Silva AF, Araújo JL 2021b. Prospecção Tecnológica Acerca da Produção e da Aplicação de Biofertilizantes no Cultivo de Leguminosas. Cad Prospecção 14(3):999-1014. https://doi.org/10.9771/cp.v14i3.38223.
Silva LF, Soares BS, Rossoni HAV 2021c. Composição gravimétrica e produção per capita de resíduos sólidos gerados no restaurante da Universidade Federal de Viçosa - Campus Florestal. Rev Ibero-Americ Ciênc Ambient 12(9):133-144. https://doi.org/10.6008/CBPC2179-6858.2021.009.0011.
Silva MRMA, Souza DL 2019. Gestão sustentável: manejo e destinação de resíduos sólidos orgânicos de um restaurante universitário no Vale do Rio dos Sinos – RS. Rev Sitio Novo 3(2):29-39. https://doi.org/10.47236/2594-7036.2019.v3.i2.29-39p.
Sumathy V, Lachumy SJ, Zakaria Z, Sasidharan S 2011. In Vitro Bioactivity and Phytochemical Screening of Musa Acuminata Flower. Pharmacologyonline 2:118-127. https://pharmacologyonline.silae.it/files/archives/2011/vol2/012.sasidharan.pdf.
Tadesse MG, Kasaw E, Lübben JF 2023. Valorization of Banana Peel Using Carbonization: Potential Use in the Sustainable Manufacturing of Flexible Supercapacitors. Micromachines (Basel) 14(2):330. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14020330.
Universidade Federal do Ceará. Plano de desenvolvimento institucional 2023–2027 [monograph on the Internet]. Fortaleza: UFC; 2024. 3. ed. 163 p. [cited in 2024 Dez 29]. https://pdi.ufc.br/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/publicacao-pdi-2023-2027-vfinal-01072024.pdf.
Vergara AS, Riquelme AI 2019. Toxicity of the hydroalcoholic extracts of fruit leaves from the Peruvian Amazon in Artemia salina. F1000Research 8(2019):1016. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.18997.1.
Wazir A, Gul Z, Hussain M 2018. Comparative Study of Various Organic Fertilizers Effect on Growth and Yield of Two Economically Important Crops, Potato and Pea. Agric Sci 9(6):703-717. https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2018.96049.
Zailani MA, Sharkawi ARF 2019. Brine Shrimp Toxicity of Essential Oils from Musa spp. Borneo J Resour Sci Technol 9(1):44-45. https://doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.1585.2019.
Zotesso JP, Cossich ES, Colares LGT, Tavares CRG 2016. Avaliação do desperdício de alimentos e sua relação com a geração de resíduos em um restaurante universitário. Engevista 18(2):294-308. https://doi.org/10.22409/engevista.v18i2.730.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2025 Juliana Dantas da Costa, Melissa Castro da Silva, Ana Beatrice Melo Aguiar, Matheus Sousa Silveira, Tamiris Bezerra Costa, Igor Iuco Castro-Silva
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Esta revista oferece acesso livre imediato ao seu conteúdo, seguindo o princípio de que disponibilizar gratuitamente o conhecimento científico ao público proporciona maior democratização mundial do conhecimento.
A partir da publicação realizada na revista os autores possuem copyright e direitos de publicação de seus artigos sem restrições.
A Revista Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science segue os preceitos legais da licença Creative Commons - Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0 Internacional. 
